Bioremediation in the Marine Environment: Challenges and Prospective Methods for Enhancement

Bioremediation is a low-cost, clean, and environmentally friendly method in managing marine pollution. Despite its great potential, bioremediation has own challenges. As an open system, limited nutrients fluctuating environmental conditions the ocean affect metabolism of degrading microorganisms, thus influencing biodegradation rate. Multiple strategies have been employed to enhance rate at varying degrees success. This review discusses these from perspective experimental studies under controlled their potential applications for bioremediation. The addition or other electron acceptors (biostimulation), as well competent microbes contaminated site (bioaugmentation), reported pollutant degradation Further modifications, such using immobilized cells genetic engineering effectiveness bioaugmentation. It possible combine more than one complement each other. However, should note that all reports date were mostly done laboratory scale. need be conducted by considering factors climate, location, types pollutants, improvement removal environment whole.